tugas pratikum bahasa inggris

Nama:Yusmidar Ritonga

Mata pelajaran:pratikum bahasa inggris

Jur: M.P.I

Semester:II

THE MUSLIM MINORITY IN CHINA

Historically there are two main types of Muslim community in China.The older  derives from groups of merchats and other traveler who came to China with the advendt of islam in the seventh and eight centuries.these muslims integrated into chinese society while maintaining a special identity as muslims.they became signified through the adoption of Chinese surnames, clothing and food habits.Gradually chinese dialects replaced arabic and persian not only as a means of communication with the Han the traditional Chinese of the Middle kingdom but among the muslim as well.As a result of this Signification the muslim were no longer referred to as Arabs’,Barbarians’or foreigners’but came to be known as Hui –Hui or Hui.the Hui were seen as a type of national’community within China.

The other major  type of muslim community comprises of the central asian groups who were brought under  Chinese imperial control as the result of the expansion of china in more recent times.

These group were largely concentrated in sinkiang(Xinjiang) Province and other part of nourt-west China and spoke Central Asian languages.Unlike the Hui, they have maintained their ethnic and religious identities virtually intact,despite official policies whinch aimed to assimilate them.

The oppressive policy of the Manchu dynasty,established in the seventeenth century aroused many muslim revolts.those in Yunnan and Kansu Provinces were the most serioust.for more than a decade muslim leaders like Ma Hualung(d.1871 )were able to control large areas.similarly, in the far west,Yacub Beg(1820-77) established a state which received recognition until chinese imperial control was re-established.As late as 1953 an effort was made to establish an independent islamic state in Honan.

The new republican regime etablish in the early twentieth century opened the way for more direct participation of Muslims in Chinese life without direct oppression.the republican government after 1912,for example,formaly identified the Muslims in China as one of the ‘five great peoples’of china.in this way the treatment of muslim s as a special community within china predates the establisment of the communist regime.

The people’s  republic of china depeloved a more specified system, of recognition.Punihments involved burning the Holy Qur’an and contach with pigs.in the present climate non-muslims in muslim areas are careful not to let their pigs forage freely and are sensitive to the muslim prohibition againts eating pork. The formal recognition of muslim ‘nationalities’has been ensured by consititutional provisions for freedom of belief and also through the creation of special autonomous areas for minority nationalities.These areas in some ways reflect the distribution of Muslims withim.China,The Hui are found throughout China and there are twelve different Hui autonomous areas in eight different provinces.Most of the other special areas in north-west China,with thenlargest being the Uygur autonomous region in Xinjiang.While most affairs are in some way under more central control and Han citizens are important even in the various autonomous areas,the sysyem of minority nationalities provides a basic tructure of recognition for the Muslim communitias. In Xinjiang,ar least,the ethnicity and religion of Muslims are not disturbed.Although repression is still possible and assimilation always likely it appears that fuller autonomy is not an option for Chinese Muslims.Major Chinese Muslim rebellions have not created long-lasting areas of Muslim independence.Similarly,for most Chinese Muslims,emigration,hijra,out of China is not a feasible alternative.